Children, maternal and socioeconomic characteristics influence oral hygiene habits in schoolchildren / Características infantis, maternas e socioeconômicas influenciam hábitos de higiene bucal em escolares

Backgroung: the prevention of dental caries is basically done by brushing and flossing the teeth. The adoption of these habits, especially in children, is a complex process that depends on factors related to different aspects of life.Objective: to determine the association between children's, maternal and socioeconomic characteristics with oral hygiene habits in students aged 7 to 10 years in Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil.Methods: cross-sectional study conducted with probabilistic sample of triple stage with final study population of 1,282 students. Data were collected using a questionnaire applied to children and questionnaire sent to parents to fill out and return. The outcome was the variable summary called "Oral Hygiene Practices" with three possible combinations: less favorable level, intermediate level and more favorable level. The independent variables were children ́s, maternal and socioeconomic characteristics. The Multinomial Regression Analysis was performed between the independent variables that showed significance less or equal to 0.10 in the Bivariate Analysis and the summary variable. The significance level for the variables in the final model was p<0.05 and less favorable level was used as reference.Results: most were female (58.0%), aged 8 and 9 (56.1%) and enrolled in public schools (82.8%). The most favorable oral hygiene level showed the highest prevalence (78.0%) among schoolchildren. Remained associated to more favorable level in the final model the variables: living with father and mother in the same home (OR=2,88; IC95%=1,15-7,20), dental appointment (OR=3,01; IC95%=1,32-6,85), cavity experience (OR=2,88; IC95%=1,15-7,20)) and own a toothbrush (OR=4,72; IC95%=1,43-15,66).Conclusion: social determinants have a strong influence on the adoption of positive habits. It is necessary for public health a more comprehensive approach to the perspective of health inequalities so that the family and social context should not be overlooked.

Introdução: a prevenção da cárie dentária é realizada basicamente pela escovação e uso do fio dental. A adoção desses hábitos, principalmente em crianças, é um processo complexo que depende de fatores relacionados a diferentes aspectos da vida.Objetivo: determinar a associação entre características infantis, maternas e socioeconômicas com hábitos de higiene bucal em escolares de 7 a 10 anos de Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brasil.Método: estudo transversal realizado com amostra probabilística em três estágios com população final do estudo de 1.282 alunos. Os dados foram coletados por meio de questionário aplicado às crianças e aos pais para preenchimento e devolução. O desfecho foi a variável resumo denominada;Práticas de Higiene Bucal; com três combinações possíveis: nível menos favorável, nível intermediário e nível mais favorável. As variáveis independentes foram características das crianças, maternas e socioeconômicas. A Análise de Regressão Multinomial foi realizada entre as variáveis independentes que apresentaram significância p-valor<0,10 na Análise Bivariada e a variável resumo. O nível de significância para as variáveis no modelo final foi de p-valor<0,05 e o nível menos favorável foi utilizado como referência.Resultados: a maioria das crianças era do sexo feminino (58,0%), com idade entre 8 e 9 anos (56,1%) e matriculada em escolas públicas (82,8%). O nível de higiene bucal mais favorável apresentou a maior prevalência (78,0%) entre os escolares. Permaneceram associadas ao nível mais favorável no modelo final as variáveis: morar com pai e mãe no mesmo domicílio (OR=2,88; IC 95%=1,15-7,20), consulta odontológica (OR=3,01; IC 95%=1,32-6,85), experiência em cárie (OR=2,88; IC 95%=1,15-7,20) e possuir escova de dentes (OR=4,72; IC 95%=1,43 -15,66).Conclusão: os determinantes sociais têm forte influência na adoção de hábitos positivos. É necessário para a saúde pública uma abordagem mais abrangente na perspectiva das desigualdades em saúde para que o contexto familiar e social não seja negligenciado.

Does the level of knowledge of denture hygiene affect their maintenance? / ¿El nivel de conocimiento de higiene protésica afecta el mantenimiento de estas prótesis?

Introduction: The lack of knowledge about denture hygiene can negatively affect their maintenance. On the other hand, good oral hygiene can reduce the chances of plaque accumulation. Objetive: To determine if there is a relationship between knowledge of hygiene and denture maintenance. Material and Methods: A questionnaire was applied to 67 patients who wore partial and/or total removable prostheses daily to evaluate their knowledge of denture hygiene. For the evaluation of denture maintenance, clinical inspection of the removable prosthesis was carried out using the Vigild criterion to observe the amount of plaque that was adhered to it. Data were statistically processed with Spearman's correlation test to determine the relationship between hygiene knowledge and denture maintenance. Results: The patients presented a medium (37.3%) and low (56.7%) denture hygiene knowledge; and fair (68.7%) and poor (11.9%) maintenance of their prosthesis. There is a statistically significant relationship between hygiene knowledge and denture maintenance (p<0.001). Conclusion: There is little knowledge of denture hygiene. This level of knowledge has a statistically significant relationship with the maintenance of the prostheses.

Introducción: El desconocimiento sobre la higiene de prótesis, de los pacientes portadores de estas, puede afectar negativamente en el mantenimiento protésico, una correcta higiene puede disminuir las probabilidades de acúmulo de placa. Objetivo: Determinar si existe relación entre el conocimiento de higiene y el mantenimiento protésico. Material y Métodos: Para la evaluación del conocimiento en higiene protésica se aplicó un cuestionario a 67 pacientes que utilizaban diariamente prótesis removibles parciales y/o totales; y para la valoración del mantenimiento protésico se realizó la inspección clínica de la prótesis removible mediante el criterio de Vigild, observando la cantidad de placa que se encontraba adherida. Se procesaron los datos estadísticamente con la prueba de correlación de Spearman para determinar la relación entre el conocimiento de higiene y el mantenimiento protésico. Resultados: Los pacientes presentaron un conocimiento de higiene protésica medio (37,3%) y bajo (56,7%); y un mantenimiento de la prótesis de forma regular (68,7%) y malo (11,9%). Existiendo relación estadísticamente significativa entre el conocimiento de higiene y el mantenimiento protésico (p<0, 0 01). Conclusión: Existe un bajo conocimiento de higiene protésica, teniendo este nivel de conocimiento una relación estadísticamente significativa con el mantenimiento que evidenciaban las prótesis.

Telemonitoring of the oral health condition of people with Parkinson's disease during the Covid-19 pandemic / Telemonitoramento da condição de saúde bucal de pessoas com doença de Parkinson em tempos de Covid-19

Abstract Introduction The elderly are among those most affected by Covid-19, and among them are people with Parkinson's disease. Social distancing, due to the coronavirus, has led to new strategies and tools for health monitoring. Objective To describe the oral health conditions, using telemonitoring, of people with Parkinson's disease during the Covid-19 pandemic. Material and method This is an analytical, quantitative, cross-sectional study. The tool used was the video call. The telephone contacts (n=154) were obtained from lists of patients in the Pro-Parkinson Extension Program at the Federal University of Pernambuco. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to gather sociodemographic data and daily oral hygiene practices for teeth and dentures, and whether or not the participant needed dental treatment, during the Covid-19 pandemic. Result The final sample consisted of 64 Parkinsonian patients. Regarding oral health care, the frequency of hygiene in this period was three times a day among 48.44% of participants, with toothbrush and toothpaste being the items most used for this task. More than half of the sample used dental prostheses. The most common oral health problems during this isolation period were pain, mouth sores and the need for tooth extraction. Conclusion Telemonitoring was essential because it was noted that these patients were deficient in their knowledge of basic hygiene practices and in information on oral health, as well as in the care of dental prostheses.

Resumo Introdução Dentre a população mais atingida pela Covid-19 estão os idosos, dentre estes, existem aqueles que têm a doença de Parkinson. Com o distanciamento social devido ao coronavírus, novas estratégias e ferramentas estão sendo utilizadas para o acompanhamento em saúde. Objetivo Descrever as condições de saúde bucal, por meio do telemonitoramento, de pessoas com Parkinson em tempos de Covid-19. Material e método Trata-se de um estudo analítico, quantitativo, de corte transversal. A ferramenta utilizada foi a de videochamada. Os contatos telefônicos foram obtidos das listagens de 154 pacientes do Programa de Extensão Pró-Parkinson da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. Foi aplicado um questionário semi-estruturado com dados sociodemográficos e práticas diárias de higienização bucal de dentes e próteses, como também se o participante teve ou não necessidade de tratamento odontológico em tempos de Covid-19. Resultado A amostra final foi composta por 64 parkinsonianos. Com relação aos cuidados com a saúde bucal, a frequência de higienização neste período foi de três vezes por dia em 48,44% dos participantes, sendo a escova dental e o creme dental os itens mais utilizados para essa tarefa. Mais da metade da amostra faziam uso de prótese dentária. Os problemas de saúde bucal, mais prevalentes durante esse período de isolamento foram: dor, ferida na boca e necessidade de extração dentária. Conclusão O telemonitoramento foi essencial, pois se tratando da saúde bucal, notou-se que existe ainda um défice muito grande desses pacientes, tanto nas práticas de higienização básicas e informação sobre saúde bucal, como nos cuidados com as próteses dentárias.

Enfermedad periodontal inmunoinflamatoria crónica y factores de riesgo en adolescentes de instituciones deportivas / Chronic immune-inflammatory periodontal disease and risk factors in adolescents from sports institutions

RESUMEN Fundamento: La enfermedad periodontal inmunoinflamatoria crónica se considera un problema de salud bucal a escala mundial; los deportistas también son susceptibles de padecerla. Objetivo: Identificar el estado periodontal de adolescentes de la Escuela de Iniciación Deportiva Provincial Lino Salabarría de Sancti Spíritus. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transversal durante el curso 2020-2021. La población se constituyó por 810 adolescentes de 7.mo a 12.mo grados de la Escuela de Iniciación Deportiva Provincial Lino Salabarría de Sancti Spíritus; se seleccionó la muestra de 36 mediante muestreo probabilístico, aleatorio simple estratificado. Se estudiaron las variables estado periodontal y factores de riesgo. Se determinó el estado periodontal mediante el índice de Rusell y la higiene bucal por el de higiene bucal simplificado. Resultados: Se constató que el 94.4 % de los adolescentes presentó gingivitis y solo el 5.6 % periodontitis. El 100 % presentó higiene bucal deficiente, el 94.2 % apiñamiento dentario y el 91.7 % cálculo dental. Conclusiones: La mayoría de los adolescentes presentó gingivitis y entre los factores de riesgo se constató la totalidad con higiene bucal deficiente y casi todos con apiñamiento dentario y cálculo dental.

ABSTRACT Background: Chronic immune-inflammatory periodontal disease is considered a worldwide oral health problem; athletes are also susceptible to it. Objective: To identify the periodontal state of adolescents from the Sancti Spíritus Provincial Sports Initiation School Lino Salabarría. Methodology: A cross-sectional descriptive observational study was conducted during the 2020-2021 school year. The population consisted of 810 adolescents from 7th to 12th grades from the Sancti Spíritus Provincial Sports Initiation School Lino Salabarría; the sample of 36 was selected by stratified simple random probability sampling. The variables periodontal state and risk factors were studied. Periodontal status was determined by Rusell index and oral hygiene by the simplified oral hygiene index. Results: It was found that 94.4 % of adolescents had gingivitis and only 5.6 % had periodontitis. 100 % presented poor oral hygiene, 94.2 % dental crowding and 91.7 % dental calculus. Conclusions: Most adolescents presented gingivitis and among the risk factors, all had poor oral hygiene also almost all had dental crowding and dental calculus.

Factors related to the presence of dental erosion and abrasion in peruvian adults / Factores relacionados con la presencia de erosión y abrasión dental en adultos peruanos

Introduction: Non-carious lesions are an oral health problem in adults, consequently it is necessary to create mechanisms for their diagnosis and prevention. Objective: To determine the frequency of erosion, abrasion and related factors in patients treated at a university dental clinic. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in a sample of 153 adults treated at a university clinic in Lima, Peru, in 2018. Personal aspects (age, sex, characteristics of saliva), dietary factors, health condition, oral habits, and tooth brushing were identified. The presence of abrasion was determined according to clinical criteria through direct observation. Erosion was identified using the Basic Erosive Wear index. Generalized linear models with Poisson distribution with robust variances were used. Results: The frequency of dental abrasion (70.6%) is higher than erosion (26.1%). The presence of erosion is associated with asthma (PR= 2.11), abrasion is related to age and poor dental hygiene habits (PR= 1.67 and 1.30, respectively). Conclusion: The presence of dental abrasion is greater than dental erosion. Age and poor dental habits are factors associated with tooth abrasion. The characteristics of saliva regarding pH and salivary flow were within normal p-values.

Introducción: Las lesiones no cariosas son un problema de salud bucal en adultos siendo necesario establecer mecanismos para su diagnóstico y prevención. Objetivo: Determinar la frecuencia de erosión, abrasión y factores relacionados, en pacientes que acudieron a una clínica odontológica docente universitaria. Material y Métodos: Estudio transversal en una muestra de 153 adultos asistentes a una clínica docente asistencial de Lima en el 2018. Se identificaron factores personales (edad, sexo, características de la saliva), factores dietéticos, condición de salud, hábitos orales y cepillado dental. A través de la observación directa se identificó la presencia de abrasión de acuerdo a criterios clínicos, y de erosión utilizando el índice Basic Erosive Wear. Se utilizaron modelos lineales generalizados con distribución de Poisson con varianzas robustas. Resultados: La frecuencia de abrasión dentaria (70,6%) es mayor que la erosión (26,1%). La presencia de erosión está asociada al asma (RP= 2,11), la abrasión está relacionada con la edad y los malos hábitos de la higiene dental (RP= 1,67 y 1,30 respectivamente). Conclusion: La presencia de la abrasión dental es mayor que la erosión dental. La edad y los hábitos dentales inadecuados son factores asociados con la abrasión dentaria. Las características de la saliva en pH y flujo salival estuvieron dentro de los valores normales.

Oral health for healthy aging / Saúde bucal para um envelhecimento saudável

During the 74th World Health Assembly, a resolution was passed aiming to achieve better oral health as part of universal health coverage, with plans to draft a global strategy and action plan. Oral diseases are a significant problem globally, with implications for older people's health and quality of life. Oral health is important for healthy aging. Integration of oral health into primary care settings and use of a life-course approach have been shown to be effective in the 8020 campaign in Japan. Accurate data on prevalence of oral disease is required to monitor effectiveness of public health approaches, which should be segregated based on setting, sociodemographic status, and comorbidities. These public health approaches should also be adapted and tailored for implementation during the current COVID-19 pandemic. These considerations are essential to progress the agenda of oral health for healthy aging.

Durante a 74ª Assembleia Mundial da Saúde, foi aprovada uma resolução com o objetivo de alcançar melhores resultados orais saúde como parte da cobertura universal de saúde, com planos para esboçar uma estratégia global e um plano de ação. As doenças bucais são um problema significativo em todo o mundo, com implicações na saúde dos idosos e qualidade de vida. A saúde bucal é importante para um envelhecimento saudável. Integração da saúde bucal no primário as configurações de atendimento e a utilização de uma abordagem ao longo da vida mostraram-se eficazes na década de 8020 campanha no Japão. Dados precisos sobre a prevalência de doenças bucais são necessários para monitorar eficácia das abordagens de saúde pública, segregadas com base na localização, status sociodemográfico e comorbidades. Essas abordagens de saúde pública também devem ser adaptadas e adaptadas para implementação durante a atual pandemia de COVID-19. Essas considerações são essenciais para progredir na agenda da saúde bucal para o envelhecimento saudável.

Experiencia del programa de educación en salud bucal dirigido a personas mayores. Universidad CES, Medellín - Colombia 2019 / Experience of the oral health education program aimed at the elderly. Universidad CES, Medellín - Colombia 2019

Objetivo: describir la experiencia de educación en promoción y prevención en salud bucal desarrollada con un grupo de adultos mayores que participan en el programa "Vecinos Saludables", del Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe de la ciudad de Medellín. Métodos: se implementaron tres etapas, la primera para definir los temas, la segunda para la ejecución y la última, para evaluar la percepción de los participantes. Resultados: 30 adultos mayores asistieron a 6 talleres participativos en salud bucal. El 40% del grupo usaba, al menos, una prótesis total y el 65% algún tipo de prótesis parcial. El 77% había sentido alguno de los síntomas que podrían asociarse con disminución de cantidad de saliva en la boca y el 56,6% mencionó que con frecuencia tenía dificultades para masticar o al tragar. La percepción del programa realizado por parte de los adultos mayores fue muy positiva; en términos generales, comprendieron que el envejecimiento no implicaba desinterés en el cuidado del cuerpo y la boca. Conclusiones: la implementación de actividades lúdicas educativas con adultos mayores favorece su empoderamiento con la salud bucal y el interés por mantenerse sanos, lo cual repercute de forma positiva en su calidad de vida.

Objective: To describe the experience of education in promotion and prevention in oral health developed with a group of older adults who participate in the "Healthy Neighbors" program at the Pablo Tobón Uribe Hospital in the city of Medellín. Methods: There were implemented three stages. The first to define the topics. The second for the execution, and the last one to evaluate the participants' perceptions. Results: 30 older adults attended six participatory workshops on oral health. 40% of the group used at least one total prosthesis and 65% some partial prosthesis types. 77% had felt any of the symptoms could be associated with a decrease in the saliva amount, and 56.6% mentioned that they frequently had difficulty chewing or swallowing. The perception of the program carried out by the elderly was very positive; in general terms, they understood that aging did not imply neglecting the care of the body and mouth. Conclusions: The implementation of educational and recreational activities with older adults favors their empowerment with oral health and interest in staying healthy has a positive impact on their quality of life.

Comparison of Dental Caries and Oral Hygiene Status of Children in Suburban with those in Rural Population of Southwestern Nigeria

ABSTRACT Objective: To compare prevalence of dental caries, oral hygiene status and associated risk factors of children in suburban and rural communities in the Southwest region of Nigeria. Material and Methods: Secondary data was extracted from cross-sectional researches conducted in two study locations involving 8 to 12 year olds. Data retrieved included age, gender, family structure, socioeconomic status, oral hygiene and dental caries. Caries assessment was done using WHO Oral Health Survey methods. Oral hygiene data was collected using Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S) by Greene and Vermillion. Statistical significance was established at p<0.05. Results: The prevalence of dental caries in Group A and Group B study participants were 13.4% and 22.2% respectively. Children from rural community had significant higher caries prevalence (p=0.00) and poorer oral hygiene (P=0.00) compare with their counterparts in the suburban community. There was a significant association between oral hygiene, age and dental caries in suburban participants (p=0.02) while among the rural participants there was significant association between gender and dental caries (p=0.04). Children with poor oral hygiene have increased odds of having dental caries compared to children with good oral hygiene in the two study communities. Conclusion: Dental caries was more prevalent among the rural dwellers than the sub-urban dwellers. There is a need to make oral health care services/products available, accessible and affordable for the rural community.

Relationship Between Socio-Demographic Profile, Parity and Dental Caries Among a Group of Nursing Mothers in South East, Nigeria

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the prevalence and risk indicators of caries among nursing mothers in a tertiary hospital. Material and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of 408 nursing mothers aged 15 to 52 years who brought their children for immunization in a tertiary hospital in Enugu, Nigeria. Data on socio-demographic profile, parity, dental visits were collected. The presence of dental caries was recorded using the World Health Organization criteria. Results: The prevalence of dental caries was 11.0%, and the mean DMFT was 0.18. There was a statistically significant association between level of education (p<0.001), past dental visit (p<0.001) and the occurrence of dental caries. Caries was more prevalent in the mandibular teeth than the maxillary teeth. The left mandibular first and second permanent molars had the highest occurrence of dental caries. Missing (M) component of the DMFT index was highest and the care index was low. The significant predictors of caries among nursing mothers were fair oral hygiene and having below tertiary education. Conclusion: The prevalence of caries and the care index were both low in this study population. The significant predictors of dental caries were a tertiary level of education and poor oral hygiene. Incorporating oral health education during postnatal care can help reduce dental caries' occurrence and complications among nursing mothers in the study population.

Conocimientos sobre Salud bucal del adulto mayor. Consultorio 10. Policlínico "Dr. Tomas Romay" 2017-2018 / Knowledge about oral health of the elderly. Family Physician's Office 10. Tomas Romay Polyclinic 2017 - 2019

RESUMEN Introducción: la salud bucal juega un papel importante para mantener la calidad de vida en la tercera edad. Objetivo: determinar el nivel de conocimientos sobre salud bucal de los adultos mayores. Materiales y métodos: se realizó una investigación descriptiva, de corte transversal. Se estudió un universo constituido por 209 adultos mayores. Pertenecientes al Consultorio 10 del Policlínico "Tomas Romay", durante el año 2017 al 2018. La recolección de los datos se realizó mediante una encuesta. Resultados: el 41,6 % fueron evaluados de mal, seguidos de los de regular. El 41,1 % fueron de 60 a 69 años, el 39,2 % pertenecían al sexo masculino y el 60,8 % al femenino. El 46,8 % tienen un nivel medio de escolaridad. Resultaron jubilados el 51,4 % de los evaluados de regular. Las familias extensas representaron el 45,5 % y el 67,9 % eran disfuncionales. Conclusiones: prevalecieron los adultos mayores evaluados de mal, las féminas y las edades comprendidas entre los 60 y 69 años. Sobresalieron los adultos con nivel medio de escolaridad. En los evaluados de regular predominaron los jubilados. Imperaron las familias extensas y disfuncionales (AU).

ABSTRACT Introduction: oral health plays an important role to keep life quality in elder people. Objective: to determine the knowledge level of elder people on oral health. Materials and methods: a cross-sectional descriptive research was carried out. The authors studied a universe of 209 elder people belonging to Family Physician's Office 10 of the "Tomas Romay" Polyclinic during the period 2017 - 2019. Data were collected in an inquiry. Results: 41.6 % got bad qualifications, followed by fair. 41.1. % of patients was in the 60-69 age group, 39.2 % were male and 60.8 % ere female. 46.8 % has a high school scholarship. 51.4 % of those who got fair qualification were retired. Extensive families represented 45.5 % and 67.9 % of them were dysfunctional. Conclusions: elder people with bad qualifications, women, and the 60-69-age-group prevailed. Elders with high school scholarship stood out. Among those who got fair qualification predominated retired people. Extensive, dysfunctional families were the most commonly found (AU).

El papel de enfermería en la salud bucal de adultos mayores / The role of nursing in oral health of older adults

Introducción: la demanda poblacional de adultos mayores requiere la atención de profesionales de enfermería capacitados, que realicen un cuidado integral que permita la inclusión de la salud bucal; la capacidad de que se abra un área de oportunidad está en manos de todo profesional de enfermería al propiciar un acercamiento multidisciplinario y mejorar el cuidado del adulto mayor. Objetivo: identificar las prácticas de salud bucal que realiza el personal de enfermería en el adulto mayor y un análisis del efecto que podrían tener si se replicaran en México a nivel institucional. Metodología: se realizó una revisión de las publicaciones en seis buscadores: Pubmed, SciElo, Redalyc, Elsevier, Wiley y Google Schoolar. Con términos MeSH en el idioma inglés (Nursing, Elderly and Oral Health) y en español y portugués (Enfermería, Higiene Bucal, Adulto Mayor y Salud Oral). Se revisaron siete artículos que satisficieron los criterios de inclusión. Resultados: los estudios demostraron que, con la capacitación, implementación o evaluación de las prácticas del personal de enfermería, hay una mejora en condiciones de salud bucal de adultos mayores. En México, la apertura del personal de enfermería por explorar otras áreas de oportunidad podría enfocarse en las prácticas de salud bucal al adoptar el modelo de otros países. Conclusiones: la participación de enfermería y odontología ha crecido alrededor del mundo, pero en este país aún es limitada y se omiten diversas actividades en educación para la salud; en consecuencia, se sugiere una evaluación y capacitación de ambas disciplinas para buscar un punto de encuentro y enriquecer el conocimiento en beneficio de la población.

Introduction: The population demand for older adults re- quires the attention of trained nursing professionals who provide comprehensive care that allows the inclusion of oral health; the ability to open an area of opportunity is in the hands of every nursing professional, fostering a multi- disciplinary approach and improvement in the care of the elderly. Objective: To identify the oral health practices carried out by nursing personnel in the elderly and an analysis of the impact that they could have if they were replicated in Mexico at the institutional level. Methods: A literature review was carried out in six search engines: Pubmed, SciElo, Redalyc, Elsevier, Wiley and Google Schoolar. With MeSH terms in english language (Nursing, Elderly and Oral Health) and in spanish and portuguese (Enfermería, Higiene Bucal, Adulto Mayor and Salud Oral). Seven articles that met the inclusion criteria were reviewed. Results: The studies showed that, with the training, implementation or evaluation of the nursing staff's practices, there is an improvement in the oral health conditions of Older Adults. In Mexico, the opening of the nursing staff to explore other areas of opportunity could be directed in oral health practices, adopting the model of other countries. Conclusions: The participation of Nursing and Dentistry has been growing around the world, however in our country it is still limited and various activities in Health education are omitted, so an evaluation and training of both disciplines is suggested to find a point of meeting and enriching knowledge for the benefit of the population.

Guideline for oral care of dependent elders: mapping review and cross-cultural adaptation to Portuguese-Brazil

Abstract This study aimed to map evidence-based guidelines for oral care of the dependent elders and perform the cross-cultural adaptation to Brazilian Portuguese. Initially, a systematized review was conducted in Medline, Scielo, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases without restrictions in search period or type of study. Articles in English, Spanish, and Brazilian Portuguese describing evidence-based guidelines for oral care, including oral hygiene recommendations, of institutionalized dependent elders were included as long as they presented an evaluation of evident quality. The guideline that met inclusion criteria was submitted to cross-cultural adaptation after obtaining permission from the original authors. Two hundred and nineteen references were found. Three selected articles described evidence-based guidelines for oral care, but the Oral Health Care Guideline for Older People in Long-term Care Institutions (OGOLI), originally developed and implemented in the Netherlands, was selected. It was based on evidence level A2 and consensus of experts and met the quality requirements of the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research & Evaluation (AGREE). This guideline presents oral care recommendations for elders with different levels of dependence in activities of daily living to be performed by caregivers and nursing staff. The adaptation of the OGOLI was mainly on the attributions of care providers, given the differences in professional regulations between Brazil and the Netherlands. The cross-cultural equivalence between OGOLI and its Brazilian Portuguese version was verified.

Implicações odontológicas do acometimento pela esquizofrenia / Dental Implications of Schizophrenia Impairment

A esquizofrenia consta de patologia neuropsiquiátrica crônica, heterogênea, complexa, debilitante de origem multifatorial e etiologia desconhecida, que aflige ambos os gêneros, masculino e feminino, sem distinção por etnia ou raça. Ocorre desorganização dos processos mentais e os indivíduos afetados passam a possuir uma relação de dependência para com seus cuidadores, geralmente familiares. Existem repercussões em âmbito odontológico advindas da doença. O objetivo deste artigo foi evidenciar as implicações odontológicas que manifestam-se nos doentes em decorrência da presença da esquizofrenia. Realizou-se revisão bibliográfica acerca das implicações odontológicas do acometimento pela esquizofrenia com busca nas bases de dados: PUBMED, LILACS, Google Acadêmico. Pacientes esquizofrênicos, muitas vezes, recusam-se a submeter-se a intervenções odontológicas e médicas. Pode-se conviver com aversão aos cuidados odontológicos por parte desses indivíduos, em decorrência dos transtornos psíquicos presentes. A higienização bucal inexiste ou é realizada precariamente e concomitantemente pode ocorrer a presença de xerostomia por ação medicamentosa, o que implica num quadro desfavorável com manifestações de cárie dentária e doenças periodontais. No contexto geral, o perfil dos problemas odontológicos que acometem pacientes esquizofrênicos, advém do emprego continuado de medicamentos; hábitos alimentares preconizados e negligência na realização do autocuidado e na eliminação de biofilme dentário, que acumula-se. O conhecimento e a conscientização prévia acerca das manifestações clínicas da esquizofrenia pelo cirurgião dentista contactante dos pacientes e familiares é de extremada importância no desfecho do tratamento odontológico a ser realizado. (AU)

Schizophrenia consists of chronic, heterogeneous, complex, debilitating neuropsychiatric pathology of multifactorial origin and unknown etiology that afflicts both genders, male and female, regardless of ethnicity or race. Disorganization of mental processes occurs and affected individuals have a relationship of dependence with their caregivers, usually family members. There are repercussions in the dental field arising from the disease. The aim of this paper was to highlight the dental implications that manifest themselves in patients due to the presence of schizophrenia. A bibliographic review about the dental implications of schizophrenia involvement was performed, searching the databases: PUBMED, LILACS, Google Scholar. Schizophrenic patients often refuse to undergo dental and medical interventions. One can live with aversion to dental care on the part of these individuals, due to the psychic disorders present. Oral hygiene does not exist or is performed poorly and concomitantly there may be the presence of xerostomia by drug action, which implies an unfavorable picture with manifestations of dental caries and periodontal diseases. In the general context, the profile of dental problems affecting schizophrenic patients derives from the continued use of medications; recommended eating habits and negligence in self-care and in the elimination of dental biofilm, which accumulates. Prior knowledge and awareness about the clinical manifestations of schizophrenia by the contacting dental surgeon of patients and family members is extremely important in the outcome of the dental treatment to be performed. (AU)

A new technique for tongue brushing and halitosis reduction: the X technique

Abstract The tongue is one of the primary sources of halitosis. The manual or mechanical removal of biofilm is known to decrease oral malodor. Objective: To evaluate a new tongue hygiene technique hereby referred to as "the X technique" and its effects on both halitosis and the number of microorganisms based on microbiological parameters and diagnostic features of the breath. Material and Methods: The study included thirty patients divided into a control group (patients without systematized guidelines of lingual hygiene, but who performed the mechanical cleaning of tongue dorsum, each in its own way), the 3R group (instructed to perform the movements of the X technique for 3 repetitions at each brushing), and the 6R group (instructed to perform 6 repetitions of the technique at each brushing). After two weeks, a new data collection was performed. Results: Patients in the 6R group presented the lowest score on the organoleptic assessment scale at the second consultation, followed by the 3R group and the controls. Regarding the self-perception of breath by the method of Visual Analog Scale (VAS), the control group did not perceive improvements in oral malodor; the results of the 3R group and the 6R group were similar. Conclusion: These results indicate that the X technique improves both measurements and perceptions of halitosis. Microbiological analyses revealed greatest reduction in the 6R group. The findings show that the X technique reduces both organoleptic scores and the number of bacterial colonies, and improves users' perceptions of their breath.

Differences in Periodontal Severity Between Perimenopausal and Postmenopausal Women with Chronic Periodontitis

Abstract Objective: To analyze the differences in periodontal severity between perimenopausal and postmenopausal women with chronic periodontitis. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study with 63 subjects, comprising 27 perimenopausal and 36 postmenopausal women, aged 45-59 years, was conducted in East Jakarta. The women were interviewed regarding their perimenopausal and postmenopausal status; they underwent a periodontal examination for periodontal pockets, attachment loss, gingival recession, plaque index, debris index, calculus index, oral hygiene index, papilla bleeding index, and tooth mobility. Independent T-test and Mann-Whitney U test were used for bivariate analysis Results: There were significant differences (p<0.05) in age between perimenopausal and postmenopausal women (p=0.01); however, no significant differences (p>0.05) in gingival recession (p=0.33) or tooth mobility (p=0.84) were observed. Independent t-test revealed no significant differences in pocket depth (p=0.95), attachment loss (p=0.71), plaque index (p=0.89), debris index (p=0.52), calculus index (p=0.46), oral hygiene index (p=0.48), or papilla bleeding index (p=0.63) between perimenopausal and postmenopausal women Conclusion: There was no difference in periodontal severity between perimenopausal and postmenopausal women; however, the current study obtained valuable information regarding periodontal severity in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women.

Qualidade de Vida e Condições de Higiene de Próteses Dentárias de Idosos Institucionalizados / Quality of Life and Hygiene Conditions of Dental Prostheses of Institutionalized Elderly People

Avaliou-se a qualidade de vida e as condições de higiene de próteses dentárias em idosos residentes em instituição de longa permanência, na Cidade de João Pessoa-PB. Metodologia: Foi aplicado o Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI) para avaliar a qualidade de vida, em alta e moderada-baixa, incluindo perguntas sobre higienização de prótese dentária (n=38). Adicionalmente, as próteses de cada indivíduo foram recobertas por solução evidenciadora e fotografadas, para mensuração do biofilme. Os dados foram analisados inferencialmente a partir dos testes Qui-quadrado e Exato de Fisher (α=5%). A retenção do biofilme foi classificada, a partir das áreas coradas, em alta, média e baixa. Resultados: A média de idade da amostra foi de 81,8±7,7 anos, sendo 86,8% (n=33) do sexo feminino. Apenas 34,2% afirmaram ter recebido instrução sobre higienização e 86,8% referiram não remover a prótese em nenhum período do dia. A qualidade de vida não esteve associada ao tempo de uso da prótese, ou com o conhecimento em relação aos métodos químicos e mecânicos de higienização (p>0,05), mas se mostrou alta quando associada ao fato de não retirarem a prótese para dormir (p<0,05). Dentre as 26 próteses superiores analisadas, em 53,8% (n=14) observou-se baixa retenção; quanto às 13 próteses inferiores avaliadas, 53,8% (n=7) apresentaram retenção moderada. Conclusão: A alta qualidade de vida esteve associada ao fato do idoso não retirar a prótese para dormir. As próteses inferiores apresentaram maior retenção de biofilme em relação às próteses superiores. (AU)

Objetive: Quality of life and hygiene conditions of dental prostheses were evaluated in elderly residents of a long-term institution in the city of João Pessoa-PB. Methods: The Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI) was used to evaluate high and moderate-low quality of life, including dental hygiene questions (n=38). In addition, the prostheses of each individual were covered by an evidentiary solution and photographed for biofilm measurement. Data were analyzed inferentially from Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests (α=5%). The retention of the biofilm was classified, from the stained areas, in high, medium and low. Results: The mean age of the sample was 81.8 years (±7.7), of which 86.8% (n=33) were female. Only 34.2% reported having received instruction on hygiene and 86.8% reported not removing the prosthesis at any time of the day. The quality of life was not associated with the time of use of the prosthesis, or with the knowledge regarding the chemical and mechanical methods of hygiene (p>0.05), but it was high when associated with the fact that they did not remove the prosthesis to sleep (p<0.05). Among the 26 upper prostheses analyzed in 53.8% (n=14), low retention was observed; regarding the 13 inferior prostheses evaluated, 53.8% (n=7) presented moderate retention. Conclusion: The high quality of life was associated with the fact that the elderly did not remove the prosthesis to sleep. The lower prostheses presented higher retention of biofilm in relation to the upper prostheses. (AU)

Effect of environmental and socioeconomic factors on the use of dental floss among children: a hierarchical approach

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of environmental and socioeconomic characteristics with the use of dental floss in preschool children. This cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of 402 preschool children aged 1-5 years, from Santa Cruz do Sul, a Southern city in Brazil. Mothers answered questions about environmental, demographic, and socioeconomic characteristics. Behavior variables as use of dental floss (study outcome) and dental attendance were also evaluated. Poisson regression analysis with robust variance through a hierarchical approach was used to investigate the association of explanatory variables for use of dental floss. Prevalence ratio (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were estimated. The mean sample age was 3.32 years (standard deviation [SD] 1.10). Of the included children, 291 (73.12%) did not use dental floss. The environmental model indicated that children who attended daycare (PR 2.53; 95%CI 1.39-4.60) and those whose parents were members of volunteer networks (RP 1.58; 95%CI 1.02-2.46) were more likely to use dental floss. Children from families with higher income (PR 1.55; 95%CI 1.07-2.24) and maternal schooling (PR 2.21; 95%CI 1.31-3.74) presented a higher prevalence of dental floss use. Older children and those who attended dental services were also related to higher dental floss use. Our findings suggest that children who live in a supporting environment and those with a higher socioeconomic status are more likely to use dental floss.

O cuidado de enfermagem à saúde bucal do idoso hospitalizado / Nursing care for the oral health of hospitalized elderly

INTRODUÇÃO: A senilidade tem sido bastante discutida pelo aumento desta população em todo o mundo. Como uma forma de evitar complicações, têm-se valorizado o cuidado com a boca, permitindo um envelhecimento saudável. A equipe de enfermagem está envolvida neste trabalho, porém, se apresenta em alguns momentos, com lacunas fragilizando essa assistência no serviço hospitalar. OBJETIVO: Analisar como é desenvolvido o cuidado de enfermagem à saúde bucal em idosos hospitalizados. METODOLOGIA: Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva, exploratória e qualitativa, que seguiu as normas brasileiras da Resolução 466/12 com aprovação em Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa. A coleta de dados foi realizada de setembro a outubro de 2018 com a equipe de enfermagem de dois setores de unidade de terapia intensiva e uma enfermaria de um hospital universitário no município de Salvador-BA, por meio de entrevista semiestruturada guiada por um roteiro. Todo o produto gerado foi analisado utilizando a técnica de Análise de Conteúdo Temática. RESULTADOS: A partir dos relatos da equipe de enfermagem, foi possível construir duas categorias. A primeira foi denominada "O cuidado à saúde bucal do idoso hospitalizado é centrado no momento do banho" e apresentou reflexões sobre o principal momento de inspeção da cavidade oral e a sua higienização realizada no instante do banho. A outra categoria "O cuidado a saúde bucal do idoso hospitalizado é desenvolvido sem padronização", com discussões sobre a ausência de materiais para a prática da higiene bucal e o excesso de atividades nos setores apontados pela equipe como principais dificultadores no cuidado com a saúde bucal da pessoa idosa e ainda afirmação que o registro sobre essa atividade era insuficiente. A equipe solicitou maior proximidade do cirurgião-dentista perante o acompanhamento e desenvolvimento do cuidado à saúde bucal dos idosos. Foi retratado que a enfermagem desconhece o protocolo de higiene bucal da instituição hospitalar e descreveu a técnica de higiene bucal e de prótese dentária de forma divergente, apresentou ainda em relação a prótese, um instrumento adaptado para seu armazenamento, que gerou ações favoráveis ao cuidado oral. CONCLUSÃO: O estudo promoveu reflexões na assistência aos cuidados bucais do idoso hospitalizado com intuito de oferecer um envelhecimento saudável nesta população, sendo possível revelar principalmente fragilidades na assistência de enfermagem, com propósito de sugerir melhorias, e pontuar algumas ações positivas com a finalidade de utilizar as experiências exitosas em práticas para outros cenários.(AU)

Avaliação da condição bucal de pacientes com doença renal crônica em tratamento na Fundação Hospital Adriano Jorge ­ AM / Evaluation of the oral condition of patients with chronic renal disease in treatment at Adriano Jorge Hospital Foundation in Manaus - AM

Objetivo: Avaliar a condição bucal e o conhecimento a respeito da importância do atendimento odontológico de indivíduos com doença renal crônica (DRC) em tratamento hemodialítico. Métodos: Estudo transversal descritivo, com avaliação de 50 pacientes, em atendimento no Serviço de Hemodiálise da Fundação Hospital Adriano Jorge na cidade de Manaus-AM. Foram coletados dados socioeconômicos, saúde geral, higiene bucal, autopercepção dos problemas bucais. Um único examinador calibrado realizou o exame clínico intrabucal. Os resultados quantitativos e qualitativos foram dispostos em tabelas e gráficos, utilizando Excel®, Word®. O programa Excel foi utilizado para formar um banco de dados que foram analisados e transformados em gráficos ou tabelas para demonstrar os resultados obtidos com a pesquisa. Resultados: A maioria dos participantes era do sexo masculino (62%). Houve o predomínio da hipertensão arterial (54%) como doença sistêmica de base. Em relação à autopercepção dos problemas bucais, a xerostomia teve maior frequência (56 %). A maioria dos pacientes realizava três escovações diárias (46%) e não utilizavam fio dental (58%). Dentre as manifestações bucais, (66%) apresentou palidez na mucosa, seguido de recessão gengival (54%). Houve relato de (94%) dos participantes de não terem recebido informações sobre escovação, como evitar cárie dentária e cuidados de higiene bucal. Nestes pacientes com DRC em hemodiálise, notou-se deficiência nos hábitos de higiene bucal. Conclusão: A motivação e orientação dos cuidados odontológicos devem ser enfatizadas pelo dentista a fim de melhorar a saúde bucal e consequentemente a saúde sistêmica. (AU)

Aim: To evaluate the oral condition and knowledge about the importance of the dental care of individuals with CKD who are undergoing hemodialysis treatment. Methods: This research is a cross-sectional descriptive study, evaluating 50 patients undergoing hemodialysis at Adriano Jorge Hospital Foundation in Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. Data was collected for socioeconomic status, oral hygiene, and self-awareness of oral problems. A single calibrated examiner performed the intraoral clinical examination. The quantitative and qualitative results were arranged in tables and graphs, using the programs Excel® and Word®. Excel was used to form a database that was analyzed and transformed into graphs or tables to demonstrate the results of the exam through this research. Results: Most participants were male (62%). There was a predominance of systemic arterial hypertension in 54% of the patients, which proved to be the base systemic disease. In relation to the self-awareness of oral problems, participants most frequently reported dry mouth (56%). Most patients brushed their teeth about three times daily (46%) and did not use dental floss (58%). Among the oral manifestations, 66% presented pallor in the mucosa, followed by gingival recession (54%). One report claimed that 94% of the participants did not receive information about brushing, how to avoid dental caries, nor oral hygiene. In these CKD patients who were undergoing hemodialysis, a deficiency in oral hygiene habits was noted. Conclusion: The motivation and advice about dental care should be emphasized by the dentist in order to improve the oral health, and consequently the systemic health, of the patient. (AU)

Oral health status, health behaviour and treatment needs of patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery

Abstract Objective: The aim of the present study was to assess the oral health status and treatment needs of cardiovascular surgery patients. Second, the awareness of cardiovascular surgery patients regarding the association between oral health and heart disease was considered. Methods: Assessment of oral health status, oral hygiene practices and treatment needs of 106 hospitalized patients in preparation for cardiovascular surgery. Patients were interviewed using a structured questionnaire designed for this study and oral examination was carried out by a dentist. Results: The oral hygiene practices of the study cohort were not up to the standard. Patients' awareness of infective endocarditis was poor. Approximately 68% patients experienced dental caries as decayed teeth or missing teeth due to caries and filled teeth. The mean plaque index in the study group was 1.25. In this study cohort, the mean probing depth of periodontal pockets was 5.7±1.3, whereas the mean number of teeth with periodontal pockets > 6 mm was 0.5±0.9. A total of 84 (74.2%) of the patients required dental treatment. Conclusion: The principal finding in this study was that patients with heart disease had poor oral health. This study also highlights the importance of better interaction among all healthcare professionals to integrate oral health as part of comprehensive inpatient healthcare.